CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
UK

The following table provides summary statistics for contract job vacancies with a requirement for CSS skills. Included is a benchmarking guide to the contractor rates offered in vacancies that have cited CSS over the 6 months to 15 May 2024 with a comparison to the same period in the previous 2 years.

6 months to
15 May 2024
Same period 2023 Same period 2022
Rank 102 90 64
Rank change year-on-year -12 -26 -8
Contract jobs citing CSS 921 1,530 3,212
As % of all contract jobs advertised in the UK 2.16% 2.68% 3.67%
As % of the Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards category 10.35% 11.54% 13.61%
Number of daily rates quoted 637 1,110 2,339
10th Percentile £311 £325 £363
25th Percentile £413 £413 £425
Median daily rate (50th Percentile) £495 £500 £525
Median % change year-on-year -1.00% -4.76% +16.67%
75th Percentile £588 £625 £638
90th Percentile £700 £713 £713
UK excluding London median daily rate £450 £450 £470
% change year-on-year - -4.26% +17.50%
Number of hourly rates quoted 24 23 45
10th Percentile £31.24 £21.25 £24.00
25th Percentile £40.00 £41.50 £38.25
Median hourly rate £56.75 £65.00 £55.50
Median % change year-on-year -12.69% +17.12% +38.75%
75th Percentile £70.00 £80.50 £67.50
90th Percentile - £85.00 £75.66
UK excluding London median hourly rate £62.50 £49.53 £55.00
% change year-on-year +26.20% -9.95% +40.34%

All Software Libraries and Frameworks
UK

CSS is in the Software Libraries and Frameworks category. The following table is for comparison with the above and provides summary statistics for all contract job vacancies with a requirement for technical specification, industry standards, software libraries and framework skills.

Contract vacancies with a requirement for technical specification, industry standards, software libraries and framework skills 8,901 13,257 23,600
As % of all contract IT jobs advertised in the UK 20.92% 23.22% 26.99%
Number of daily rates quoted 6,172 9,669 17,311
10th Percentile £350 £400 £400
25th Percentile £425 £463 £463
Median daily rate (50th Percentile) £535 £550 £550
Median % change year-on-year -2.73% - +10.00%
75th Percentile £650 £675 £663
90th Percentile £775 £775 £750
UK excluding London median daily rate £500 £500 £500
% change year-on-year - - +13.64%
Number of hourly rates quoted 245 150 242
10th Percentile £21.25 £29.58 £22.75
25th Percentile £43.00 £51.25 £35.00
Median hourly rate £47.50 £65.00 £50.00
Median % change year-on-year -26.92% +30.00% +11.11%
75th Percentile £65.00 £75.00 £65.54
90th Percentile £74.80 £81.13 £76.96
UK excluding London median hourly rate £47.50 £64.50 £50.25
% change year-on-year -26.36% +28.36% +11.67%

CSS
Job Vacancy Trend

Job postings citing CSS as a proportion of all IT jobs advertised.

Job vacancy trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Contractor Daily Rate Trend

3-month moving average daily rate quoted in jobs citing CSS.

Daily rate trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Daily Rate Histogram

Daily rate distribution for jobs citing CSS over the 6 months to 15 May 2024.

Daily rate histogram for CSS in the UK

CSS
Contractor Hourly Rate Trend

3-month moving average hourly rates quoted in jobs citing CSS.

Hourly rate trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Hourly Rate Histogram

Hourly rate distribution of jobs citing CSS over the 6 months to 15 May 2024.

Hourly rate histogram for CSS in the UK

CSS
Top 17 Contract Locations

The table below looks at the demand and provides a guide to the median contractor rates quoted in IT jobs citing CSS within the UK over the 6 months to 15 May 2024. The 'Rank Change' column provides an indication of the change in demand within each location based on the same 6 month period last year.

Location Rank Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Matching
Contract
IT Job Ads
Median
Daily Rate
Past 6 Months
Median Daily Rate
% Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Live
Jobs
England -17 744 £500 - 929
London +3 442 £525 -5.83% 314
Work from Home -7 390 £498 +3.65% 521
UK excluding London -21 343 £450 - 671
South East +6 90 £380 -9.52% 113
North of England -47 71 £438 -2.78% 181
Scotland +29 57 £467 -1.94% 39
South West +17 42 £524 +17.75% 88
North West -36 42 £450 -7.17% 110
Midlands -21 38 £425 - 155
East of England +13 32 £475 +5.56% 69
Yorkshire -13 26 £429 -3.65% 53
West Midlands -5 21 £500 +11.11% 87
East Midlands -18 17 £225 -45.78% 67
Northern Ireland - 7 - - 14
Wales +16 6 £450 +7.46% 24
North East -1 3 £405 -19.00% 18

CSS
Co-occurring Skills and Capabilities by Category

The follow tables expand on the table above by listing co-occurrences grouped by category. The same employment type, locality and period is covered with up to 20 co-occurrences shown in each of the following categories:

Application Platforms
1 63 (6.84%) CMS
2 35 (3.80%) Confluence
3 33 (3.58%) SharePoint
4 25 (2.71%) nginx
5 17 (1.85%) Headless CMS
6 14 (1.52%) Apache
7 13 (1.41%) WordPress
8 10 (1.09%) Adobe Experience Manager
9 9 (0.98%) Drupal
10 8 (0.87%) IIS
10 8 (0.87%) Kentico
10 8 (0.87%) Umbraco
11 7 (0.76%) SharePoint 2010
11 7 (0.76%) SharePoint Server
12 3 (0.33%) Skype for Business
12 3 (0.33%) Tomcat
13 2 (0.22%) Gunicorn
13 2 (0.22%) Microsoft Exchange
13 2 (0.22%) Moodle
14 1 (0.11%) Sitecore CMS
Applications
1 15 (1.63%) Photoshop
2 12 (1.30%) Adobe Illustrator
3 11 (1.19%) Microsoft Excel
3 11 (1.19%) Sketch
4 9 (0.98%) InVision
5 8 (0.87%) Adobe XD
5 8 (0.87%) Microsoft Office
6 6 (0.65%) Adobe After Effects
6 6 (0.65%) Microsoft PowerPoint
7 5 (0.54%) Adobe Creative Suite
8 1 (0.11%) 3ds Max
8 1 (0.11%) Blender
8 1 (0.11%) Chatbot
8 1 (0.11%) Elementor
8 1 (0.11%) InDesign
8 1 (0.11%) MS Visio
Business Applications
1 9 (0.98%) Dynamics CRM
1 9 (0.98%) Shopify
2 5 (0.54%) Magento
2 5 (0.54%) Salesforce CRM
3 4 (0.43%) NetSuite
4 3 (0.33%) Maximo
4 3 (0.33%) Payment Gateway
5 2 (0.22%) Adobe Campaign
5 2 (0.22%) Unica
5 2 (0.22%) WebTrends
6 1 (0.11%) SAP GRC
6 1 (0.11%) Workfront
Cloud Services
1 181 (19.65%) Azure
2 155 (16.83%) AWS
3 72 (7.82%) Azure DevOps
4 49 (5.32%) Power Platform
5 43 (4.67%) GCP
5 43 (4.67%) GitHub
6 39 (4.23%) Azure Service Bus
7 37 (4.02%) Figma
8 35 (3.80%) Power Automate
9 25 (2.71%) PowerApps
9 25 (2.71%) Serverless
10 24 (2.61%) AWS Elastic Beanstalk
11 23 (2.50%) Azure Cosmos DB
11 23 (2.50%) Entra ID
12 20 (2.17%) Dynamics 365
12 20 (2.17%) SaaS
13 19 (2.06%) Microsoft 365
14 17 (1.85%) Amazon S3
15 16 (1.74%) Azure Monitor
15 16 (1.74%) npm
Communications & Networking
1 32 (3.47%) HTTP
2 23 (2.50%) Intranet
3 18 (1.95%) Firewall
4 17 (1.85%) VPN
5 16 (1.74%) Software-Defined Radio
6 15 (1.63%) SNMP
7 8 (0.87%) DNS
8 7 (0.76%) TCP/IP
9 4 (0.43%) VoIP
10 3 (0.33%) MQTT
10 3 (0.33%) Skype
11 2 (0.22%) 5G
11 2 (0.22%) FTP
11 2 (0.22%) Internet
12 1 (0.11%) DHCP
12 1 (0.11%) HbbTV
12 1 (0.11%) HTTPS
12 1 (0.11%) Network Security
12 1 (0.11%) SSH
12 1 (0.11%) VLAN
Database & Business Intelligence
1 102 (11.07%) SQL Server
2 56 (6.08%) MySQL
3 45 (4.89%) PostgreSQL
4 44 (4.78%) MongoDB
5 36 (3.91%) Relational Database
6 32 (3.47%) NoSQL
7 26 (2.82%) Power BI
8 18 (1.95%) Oracle Database
8 18 (1.95%) Redis
9 13 (1.41%) Elasticsearch
10 12 (1.30%) Amazon Aurora
11 11 (1.19%) Metadata
12 10 (1.09%) BigQuery
13 7 (0.76%) MariaDB
13 7 (0.76%) PowerPivot
13 7 (0.76%) SQL Server Reporting Services
13 7 (0.76%) Triplestore
14 6 (0.65%) Microsoft Power View
14 6 (0.65%) Tableau
15 5 (0.54%) Looker
Development Applications
1 171 (18.57%) Git
2 79 (8.58%) JIRA
3 39 (4.23%) Jenkins
4 28 (3.04%) Bitbucket
4 28 (3.04%) webpack
5 20 (2.17%) Cypress.io
5 20 (2.17%) GitLab
6 18 (1.95%) Robot Framework
7 17 (1.85%) Eclipse
8 16 (1.74%) Visual Studio Code
9 15 (1.63%) GoogleTest
9 15 (1.63%) Selenium
10 13 (1.41%) Storybook
11 12 (1.30%) git-flow
11 12 (1.30%) Postman
11 12 (1.30%) TeamCity
12 8 (0.87%) Maven
13 7 (0.76%) Babel
13 7 (0.76%) Jasmine
13 7 (0.76%) Visual Studio
General
1 206 (22.37%) Social Skills
2 139 (15.09%) Finance
3 90 (9.77%) Analytical Skills
4 86 (9.34%) Public Sector
5 67 (7.27%) Banking
5 67 (7.27%) Marketing
6 20 (2.17%) Presentation Skills
6 20 (2.17%) Retail
7 19 (2.06%) Front Office
7 19 (2.06%) Telecoms
8 16 (1.74%) Publishing
9 14 (1.52%) Investment Banking
10 12 (1.30%) Inclusion and Diversity
11 11 (1.19%) Advertising
11 11 (1.19%) Back Office
12 8 (0.87%) Manufacturing
12 8 (0.87%) Tech for Good
13 7 (0.76%) Aerospace
13 7 (0.76%) Automotive
14 6 (0.65%) Electronics
Job Titles
1 614 (66.67%) Developer
2 132 (14.33%) Full Stack Developer
3 124 (13.46%) Senior
4 121 (13.14%) Front-End Developer (Client-Side Developer)
5 85 (9.23%) React Developer
6 79 (8.58%) Senior Developer
7 47 (5.10%) Software Engineer
8 43 (4.67%) .NET Developer
8 43 (4.67%) Lead
9 41 (4.45%) Java Developer
10 40 (4.34%) Designer
11 38 (4.13%) JavaScript Developer
12 37 (4.02%) Software Developer
13 35 (3.80%) Full Stack Engineer
14 34 (3.69%) UI Developer
15 29 (3.15%) Senior Front-End Developer
16 28 (3.04%) Java Engineer
17 27 (2.93%) Angular Developer
18 26 (2.82%) Architect
18 26 (2.82%) JavaScript Engineer
Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards
1 801 (86.97%) HTML
2 369 (40.07%) React
3 178 (19.33%) Node.js
4 175 (19.00%) AngularJS
5 165 (17.92%) .NET
6 147 (15.96%) REST
7 112 (12.16%) HTML5
8 87 (9.45%) Sass
9 83 (9.01%) ASP.NET
10 80 (8.69%) jQuery
11 74 (8.03%) Web Services
12 72 (7.82%) CSS3
13 68 (7.38%) Vue
14 65 (7.06%) RESTful
15 64 (6.95%) XML
16 63 (6.84%) .NET Core
17 56 (6.08%) Spring
18 52 (5.65%) JSON
19 50 (5.43%) GraphQL
20 43 (4.67%) Redux
Miscellaneous
1 47 (5.10%) Product Ownership
2 26 (2.82%) Mobile App
3 25 (2.71%) Fixed Income
4 19 (2.06%) Data Structures
4 19 (2.06%) Greenfield Project
4 19 (2.06%) Self-Motivation
5 18 (1.95%) Legacy Systems
6 16 (1.74%) Foreign Exchange (FX)
6 16 (1.74%) Management Information System
7 15 (1.63%) CMDB
7 15 (1.63%) Enterprise Software
8 14 (1.52%) Algorithms
9 13 (1.41%) Derivative
10 12 (1.30%) Hedge funds
10 12 (1.30%) Public Cloud
11 11 (1.19%) Marketing Technology
12 10 (1.09%) Cloud Native
13 9 (0.98%) Animation
14 8 (0.87%) Data Protection Act
14 8 (0.87%) Distributed Systems
Operating Systems
1 73 (7.93%) Linux
2 37 (4.02%) Unix
3 23 (2.50%) Windows
4 14 (1.52%) Android
4 14 (1.52%) Apple iOS
5 8 (0.87%) Windows Server
6 4 (0.43%) CentOS
6 4 (0.43%) Windows Server 2016
6 4 (0.43%) Windows Server 2019
7 2 (0.22%) Red Hat Enterprise Linux
8 1 (0.11%) Ubuntu
Processes & Methodologies
1 333 (36.16%) Agile
2 222 (24.10%) Full Stack Development
3 184 (19.98%) Front End Development
4 169 (18.35%) User Experience
5 160 (17.37%) Problem-Solving
6 155 (16.83%) DevOps
7 152 (16.50%) Web Development
8 141 (15.31%) CI/CD
9 126 (13.68%) Software Engineering
10 104 (11.29%) TDD
11 99 (10.75%) Scrum
12 90 (9.77%) MVC
13 89 (9.66%) Test Automation
14 87 (9.45%) Microservices
15 76 (8.25%) UX Design
16 75 (8.14%) Computer Science
17 58 (6.30%) Clean Code
18 54 (5.86%) Code Quality
18 54 (5.86%) OO
19 53 (5.75%) Analytics
Programming Languages
1 701 (76.11%) JavaScript
2 283 (30.73%) TypeScript
3 175 (19.00%) Java
4 161 (17.48%) SQL
5 159 (17.26%) C#
6 102 (11.07%) Python
7 75 (8.14%) PHP
8 48 (5.21%) PowerShell
9 32 (3.47%) Bicep
10 24 (2.61%) C++
11 19 (2.06%) Bash
12 17 (1.85%) Shell Script
13 14 (1.52%) T-SQL
14 13 (1.41%) Ruby
15 11 (1.19%) Apex Code
16 10 (1.09%) C
17 9 (0.98%) Go
18 8 (0.87%) Kotlin
18 8 (0.87%) Perl
18 8 (0.87%) PL/SQL
Qualifications
1 105 (11.40%) Security Cleared
2 97 (10.53%) Degree
3 92 (9.99%) SC Cleared
4 55 (5.97%) Computer Science Degree
5 13 (1.41%) Master's Degree
6 11 (1.19%) BPSS Clearance
7 7 (0.76%) ITIL Certification
7 7 (0.76%) PMP
8 6 (0.65%) Azure Certification
8 6 (0.65%) CTC Cleared
9 5 (0.54%) DV Cleared
10 4 (0.43%) Numerate Degree
10 4 (0.43%) PMI Certification
11 3 (0.33%) Microsoft Certification
12 2 (0.22%) CISSP
12 2 (0.22%) MCSD
12 2 (0.22%) MCSE
13 1 (0.11%) CEH
13 1 (0.11%) CISM
13 1 (0.11%) SANS
Quality Assurance & Compliance
1 93 (10.10%) Accessibility
2 47 (5.10%) QA
3 33 (3.58%) WCAG
4 10 (1.09%) GDPR
5 9 (0.98%) Data Quality
6 4 (0.43%) GRC
7 3 (0.33%) NIST
7 3 (0.33%) SLA
8 2 (0.22%) Disclosure Scotland
8 2 (0.22%) HIPAA
9 1 (0.11%) HL7
9 1 (0.11%) ISO 20022
9 1 (0.11%) MiFID
System Software
1 44 (4.78%) Docker
2 43 (4.67%) Active Directory
3 16 (1.74%) Firmware
4 9 (0.98%) VMware Infrastructure
5 2 (0.22%) Hyper-V
5 2 (0.22%) NFS
5 2 (0.22%) VirtualBox
Systems Management
1 32 (3.47%) Kubernetes
2 19 (2.06%) Single Sign-On
2 19 (2.06%) Terraform
3 14 (1.52%) Kibana
4 7 (0.76%) Grafana
5 6 (0.65%) Ansible
6 5 (0.54%) logstash
7 4 (0.43%) Opsgenie
7 4 (0.43%) Puppet
8 3 (0.33%) Netcool
8 3 (0.33%) PingFederate
9 2 (0.22%) Active Directory Federation Services
9 2 (0.22%) Prometheus
9 2 (0.22%) systemd
10 1 (0.11%) Progress Chef
10 1 (0.11%) RSA Archer
10 1 (0.11%) Zipkin
Vendors
1 108 (11.73%) Microsoft
2 46 (4.99%) Google
3 45 (4.89%) Adobe
4 41 (4.45%) ServiceNow
5 37 (4.02%) Oracle
6 23 (2.50%) Atlassian
7 22 (2.39%) Salesforce
7 22 (2.39%) SAP
8 14 (1.52%) Optimizely
9 9 (0.98%) Salesforce Marketing Cloud
9 9 (0.98%) VMware
10 7 (0.76%) Red Hat
10 7 (0.76%) Splunk
11 6 (0.65%) dotdigital
12 5 (0.54%) Blue Prism
12 5 (0.54%) Dynatrace
12 5 (0.54%) Ensighten
12 5 (0.54%) Monetate
12 5 (0.54%) Tealium
12 5 (0.54%) Xamarin